Flexible Work Practices and Firm Characteristics Essays -- Business Ma

Presentation An expanding measure of organizations are executing adaptable work rehearses as more US family units have double livelihoods, working longer hours, and work power cooperation rates increment (Winder, 2009). Adaptable work practices can empower laborers with care offering duties to perform at their pinnacle limit as opposed to fitting in with standard work routines that smother their endeavors to succeed (Glass, 2004). On the off chance that, genuine the profitability of laborers should ascend with the utilization of adaptable work rehearses and ought to be decidedly connected with upgraded wage development after some time. This efficiency improving impact ought to especially prompt higher compensation development among those hindered by unbending work routines and extended periods of time of work, to be specific moms of ward youngsters (Sharpe, Hermsen and Billings, 2002). Anyway this may not be the situation with ladies. Right now ladies are not on par dollar for dollar with men. Ho wever financial experts imagine that the hole between pay for ladies and men is because of various individual decisions people make about close to home satisfaction, kid raising and hours at work. Following this further, in the past ladies would decide to work less hours to apportion more opportunity to their youngsters, yet there is an expanding number of ladies who keep on working fulltime all through parenthood with the assistance of strategic scheduling (Glass, 2004). Anyway these ladies despite everything experience a similar example of compensation stagnation (McCrate, 2005). Guardians are utilizing adaptable work choices yet moms have all the earmarks of being punished for it. Already in this paper it was expressed that strategic scheduling empowers laborers to accomplish the equivalent or more noteworthy profitability levels than normalized plans. So with different variables being represented, for example, character, status, budgetary sta... ...em? American Behavioral Scientist, 44(7), 1157-1178. Goldin, C. and Katz, L. (2011). The Cost of Workplace Flexibility for High-Powered Professionals. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 638(1), 1-23. McCrate, E. (2005). Adaptable Hours, Workplace Authoirty. also, Compensating Wage Differentials in the US. Women's activist Economics, 11(1), 11-39. Ralson, D.A. (1989). The Benefits of flextime:Real or Imagined? Diary of Organizational Behavior, 10 (4), 369-373 Ralston, D. (1990). How flexitime facilitates work-family pressures. Work force, 67, 45-48. Sharpe, D. L., Hermsen, J. M., and Billings, J. (2002). Sex contrasts being used of elective all day work game plans of wedded laborers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 31, 78-111. Winder, K. (2009). Adaptable Work Arrangements and Wages: Do Firm Characteristics Matter.

Principles of Parenting in Psychology

string(40) the Basic Law of Government by decree. I trust you are making the most of your stay in the United States and that you are getting a decent education.â I have been giving a ton of thought as of late to the issues of our realm and the potential options in contrast to the standard of the House of Saud.â I have scarcely any chances and freedoms here that I feel that moderate Islamists may make a superior showing of administering our nation than the sovereigns. We will compose a custom article test on My dear companion or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now  Let me attempt to clarify how I feel. In the same way as other of our age, I experience experienced issues discovering work.â During the oil blast of the 1970’s, business was progressively secure and the administration had the option to give broad government assistance advantages to residents of the kingdom.â More as of late, in any case, the economy has stagnated.â In 1998, for instance, we had 27% joblessness! I feel that the economy is enduring because of our dependence on oil.â Despite the breathtaking riches it brings to the nation, the oil business can just utilize a specific number of people.â Since oil is basically the main thing that our nation produces, it is the main division that gives enormous scope work other than the administration itself, which is overwhelmed by the imperial family and its system of companions and sidekicks. In spite of all the riches picked up from oil, the regal family Has not put the riches into different parts of society; rather, it has utilized the oil riches to advance itself, buy tremendous amounts of weapons from the Americans, and purchase devotion from the populace by giving free social services.â Despite this riches, in any case, our nation has not given more prominent opportunities to its residents. Our realm has consistently depended on a partnership between the al-Saud family and the extreme Wahabi clerics.â One of the king’s focal jobs is the caretaker of the two blessed spots (Mecca and Medina).â The pastors give the ruler authenticity, and consequently the rulers extravagantly support the clerics’ mosques, schools, and good cause associations. I feel that this collusion is awful for our country.â Our nation should be freer.â Both the imperial family and the Wahabi ministers are against more noteworthy opportunities for us, the normal citizens.â Both gatherings advantage by denying capacity to other people.â I have come to feel that the Saudi-Wahabi union is awful for us as Saudi residents, since it denies us fundamental freedoms.â It is likewise awful for the world all in all, since it prompts fear based oppression. Numerous Wahabis have betrayed the Saudi illustrious family, pronouncing that it isn't adequately Islamic.â They feel that the legislature is excessively degenerate, excessively debauched, and excessively benevolent with America.â Osama receptacle Laden is the most notorious Saudi who has taken this position.â Even however he assaulted America, canister Laden’s essential adversary has consistently been the Saudi regal family, who he feels are terrible Muslims who don't have the right to be the caretakers of Mecca and Medina. The danger to the Saudis from its extreme residents turned out to be clear not long after I was born.â This was a significant defining moment in the historical backdrop of our country.â When Saddam Hussein attacked Kuwait in August of 1990, many expected that he would turn on Saudi Arabia next.â Osama container Laden revealed to King Fahd that he would fight Saddam Hussein’s powers with the warriors he had prepared and battled with in Afghanistan during the 1980’s during the war with the Soviet Union. Lord Fahd dismissed canister Laden’s offer, which most likely wasn’t sensible any way.â Instead, the ruler went to the Americans for protection.â Huge American armed forces came to Saudi Arabia and utilized our nation as a base from which to assault Iraq and free Kuwait.â Even however Saddam Hussein could no longer undermine Saudi Arabia, the choice to permit the American military into the realm maddened numerous extreme Islamists. I should state that, as a pleased and free man, I might want to safeguard my own nation as opposed to have the Americans do it.â I don’t wish the Americans any mischief, it’s simply that I don’t need to depend on them and in a perfect world I might want their military to leave our land.â Many individuals, in any case, feel considerably more firmly about this than I do, and they started assault the place of Saud for permitting Americans into Arabia. As my age developed, we saw the administration go under assault from radicals who wished to topple the regime.â Throughout the 1990’s these radicals, including al-Qaeda, assaulted locates in Saudi Arabia that were related with the legislature or the American military.â We currently have a showdown between the House of Saud and the extreme Islamists, yet I don’t feel that either bunch can oversee our nation successfully. In spite of the fact that I object to the Saudi regal family, similarly as Osama receptacle Laden does, I additionally thoroughly oppose canister Laden’s objectives and tactics.â Basically I feel that the Saudis are unreasonably conservative.â Bin Laden feels that they are not traditionalist enough!â The most astounding thing about the Saudis is that their partners, the Wahabis, are the individuals they need to fear most. For quite a long time, the regal sovereigns subsidized Wahabi mosques and schools and good cause around the world.â They realized that a portion of these gatherings utilized the cash for fear based oppressor exercises, however there was a kind of implicit understanding that the Islamist psychological militants would not target Saudi Arabia itself.â I don’t know why our legislature at any point confided in these individuals, yet the psychological oppressors broke the understanding and started to assault the regal family. Things being what they are, old buddy, our legislature has neglected to expand the economy past oil, it has neglected to give more rights and freedoms to its residents, and it has utilized oil riches to attempt to pay off radical gatherings, however this procedure has typically backfired.â These are intense complaints to have, wouldn’t you state? Maybe a case of the imperial family’s thought of â€Å"reform† will represent my grievances.â In 1992, King Fahd instituted the Basic Law of Government by declaration. You read My dear companion in class Paper examplesâ The law illuminated the idea of the government.â The administration was an innate government, a model that was mainstream hundreds of years prior in Europe.â The lord would fill in as head of state, leader of the committee of priests, and president of the equipped forces.â what's more, the ruler chooses all pastors just as all individuals from another body, the consultative chamber. Here are my issues with this endeavor at reform.â Firstly, the Basic Law was sanctioned by declaration of the lord; the Saudi individuals had positively no job in concocting this law.â Secondly, the law essentially explained what was at that point known; the Saudi family, particularly the ruler, has all the force in Saudi Arabia. The consultative chamber should speak to a move towards more noteworthy portrayal, however I feel that it just showed the king’s arrogance.â Firstly, the board is named by the ruler, so we can accept it is made of up individuals who he realizes will concur with him.â Secondly, the gathering â€Å"consults†; the lord is not the slightest bit bound to follow its advice.â So not exclusively is this committee not delegate of the Saudi individuals, it doesn’t even have any authority!â This isn't the sort of change we need; this isn't change in any way. My companion, our nation has no constitution, no bill of rights, no autonomous courts or media, and no immediate portrayal for its residents in government.  This isn't the kind of nation I wish to live in.â Here is the thing that I feel must be finished. I don't have any deceptions about to what extent and hard the change to vote based system can demonstrate to be.â We have seen our neighbor, Iraq, destroyed by common war and insurgency after its abusive government was tossed from power.â If the Saudi government vanished for the time being, I dread that our nation could experience the ill effects of these equivalent curses.â For this explanation, a brutal topple of the legislature would not be a decent idea.â Iraq has given us that tyranny is desirable over political agitation, in light of the fact that in any event tyrants can forestall huge psychological militant assaults. The appropriate response doesn't lie in fierce topple of the Saudis, and it likewise doesn't lie in radical Islamists.â We are on the whole Muslims here, it is true.â Islam was conceived in Arabia.â The prophet lived and kicked the bucket here.â Mecca and Medina are here.â We are the very support of Islam.â However, we can't permit radical Muslims to take power from the Saudis. I have straightforward wants, my friend.â Like the vast majority on earth of each race and religion, I need just to carry on with my life in opportunity and respect and have the option to accommodate my adored ones.â We have seen that extreme Islamists, despite the fact that they guarantee to share our religion, are vendors of death just; from all that I have seen, it appears to be certain that they are increasingly keen on slaughtering individuals, for the most part individual Muslims, than they are in administering. As much as I disdain the Saudis, I know where it counts that extreme Islamists would be worse.â They would almost certainly be significantly more vicious and severe towards the individuals than the Saudis are.â The most extreme Islamists wish to return Arabia to a seventh century condition of â€Å"purity†.â They feel this is the perfect condition for Muslims.â They wish to reproduce a world before oil, a world before mass correspondence and amusement, a world before America.â This is a dim wish.â We ought not be naã ¯ve about what radical Islamists would do to our nation should they ever pick up power. The arrangement, I feel, lies with moderate Islamists.â Islam must be the focal point of any change, in light of the fact that the mosque is the main force focus of any substance other than the Saud family.â There is no free respectful society here due to all the

4 Easy Steps to Creating a Bibliography in Microsoft Word

4 Easy Steps to Creating a Bibliography in Microsoft Word The assignments in front of you: Write a research paper and include a bibliography with properly cited sources. If you want to make the assignment as painless as possible, do what experienced academic writers do and go straight to Microsoft Word to build your bibliography as you write.With several options for online access to Microsoft Word, youll find that the software offers a great way to streamline the process of creating a bibliography and proper in-text citations as you begin the research process. Doing this as you writeâ€"instead of waiting for the end to put all the citations together into a bibliography, references, or works cited listâ€"makes writing a research paper so much easier.Step 1: Choose a style from the References tabFirst choose a style from the References tab.For this first step in creating your bibliography in Microsoft Word, locate the References tab at the top of your screen. Next, look for the Citations Bibliography group under the References tab. Click the drop-down box next to Style in the Citations Bibliography group and choose the appropriate style for your paper. The available styles are listed in alphabetical order, and likely will include some styles youve never heard of before, such as:APAChicagoGB771Gost â€" Name sortGost â€" Title sortHarvard â€" AngliaIEEEISO 690 â€" First element and dateISO 690 â€" Numerical referenceMLASIST02TurabianAfter completing this step, its time to write your paper and add citations.Step 2: Insert citations in the text of your documentAt this point in the progress of your research paper, youll need to insert a citation wherever source information is needed in the text. Whether this is a direct quote or paraphrasing the writing of another, citations are required for all research.To insert a citation, click the References tab. In the Citations Bibliography section, click the Insert Citation button to add a new source.Next insert citations in the text of your document.A window like the one in the i mage above should then pop up, allowing you to enter all the source information, including type of source, author, title, year, publisher and city of publication. The fields will change based on what type of source you choose. For example, if you choose to add a source that is a journal articleâ€"one of the most common types of sources used in researchâ€"the fields will be: Author, title, journal name, year, and page numbers (since these are the details required in a citation for a journal article). However, if you choose the type of source as sound recording, the fields will include: Composer, performer, title, year, city, state, and country.This is one of the great benefits to using Microsoft Word to create your paper and accompanying bibliography. The software ensures that the unique details of each sourceâ€"whether its a website, piece of artwork, or journal articleâ€"are correctly collected on the front-end in the writing process. When you reach the end of your initial draft, y our sources should be already included and managed, allowing you to create a bibliography at the literal touch of a button.A note on placeholdersYoull notice that when you press the Insert Citation button, youre given two choices: Add new source and add new placeholder. You should choose Add new source if you have most of the sources information. However, if you dont have very much information about the source but know that you are writing a paragraph or sentence that needs to be cited, you can choose Add new placeholder to create a placeholder citation for the text.Step 3: Manage your sourcesAfter you input all your sources for citations within your text, you will be able to manage the sources and include some (or all) in a master list. Clicking on Manage Sources within the Citations Bibliography section allows you to do this. Once clicked, this will take you to a list version of all the sources you have inputted thus far, allowing you to add them to (or subtract them from) a mast er list. It will also allow you to make any changes that are needed.Next you should manage your sources.Now from this menu, you can add, delete, and edit your sources. You will also be able to preview the sources bibliography format in the lower pane of the window that opens when you manage sources.Step 4: Add the bibliographyNow that youve completed your paper and added all sources, creating the bibliography is the easy part. Simply place your cursor where you want the bibliography to be in your paper, click on the References tab, then click Bibliography in the Citations Bibliography section. When you do this, a drop-down arrow will allow you to choose the correct title for your bibliographyâ€"either Bibliography, References, or Works Cited. Once youve chosen the title, click Insert Biography and voila! Your bibliography is inserted and formatted exactly as it should be for the style youve chosen.The last step is to add the bibliography.

Origin of Miranda Rights and Warning

Ernesto Arturo Miranda was drifter and a career criminal who from age 12 was in and out of reform schools and state and federal prisons for various crimes including auto theft and burglary and sex offenses. On March 13, 1963, at age 22, Miranda was picked up for questioning by the Phoenix police after the brother of a kidnap and rape victim saw Miranda in a truck with plates that matched the description that his sister had provided. Miranda was placed in a lineup and after the police indicated to him that he had been positively identified by the victim, Miranda verbally confessed to the crime. That's the Girl He was then taken to the victim to see if his voice matched the voice of the rapist. With the victim present, the police asked Miranda if she was the victim, to which he answered, Thats the girl. After Miranda said the short sentence, the victim identified his voice as being the same as the rapist. Next, Miranda was brought to a room where he recorded his confession in writing on forms with preprinted terms that read, †¦this statement has been made voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion or promises of immunity and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make can and will be used against me.   However, at no time had Miranda been told that he had the right to remain silent or that he had the right to have an attorney present. His court assigned attorney, 73-year-old Alvin Moore, tried to get the signed confessions thrown out as evidence, but was unsuccessful. Miranda was found guilty of kidnapping and rape and was sentenced up to 30 years in prison. Moore tried to get the conviction overturned by the Arizona Supreme Court, but failed. U.S. Supreme Court In 1965, Mirandas case, along with three other cases with similar issues, went before the U.S. Supreme Court. Working pro bono, attorneys John J. Flynn and John P. Frank of the Phoenix law firm Lewis Roca, submitted the argument that Mirandas Fifth and Sixth Amendment rights had been violated. Flynns argument was that based on Miranda being emotionally disturbed at the time of his arrest and that with a limited education, he would not have knowledge of his Fifth Amendment right to not incriminate himself and that he was also not informed that he had the right to an attorney. In 1966, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed, and in a landmark ruling in the case of Miranda v. Arizona that established that a suspect has the right to remain silent and that prosecutors may not use statements made by defendants while in police custody unless the police have advised them of their rights. Miranda Warning The case changed the way police handle those arrested for crimes. Before questioning any suspect who has been arrested, police now give the suspect his Miranda rights or read them the Miranda warning. The following is the common Miranda warning used by most law enforcement agencies in the United States today: You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney and to have an attorney present during any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer, one will be provided for you at government expense. Conviction Overturned When the  Supreme Court  made its landmark Miranda ruling in 1966, Ernesto Mirandas conviction was overturned. Prosecutors later retried the case, using evidence other than his confession, and he was convicted again and sentenced to 20 to 30 years. Miranda served 11 years of the sentence and was paroled in 1972. When he was out of prison he began selling Miranda cards that contained his signed autograph. He was arrested on minor driving offenses a few times and on gun possession, which was a violation of his parole. He returned to prison for another year and was again released in January 1976. Ironic End for Miranda On January 31, 1976, and just weeks after his release from prison, Ernesto Miranda, age 34, was stabbed and killed in a bar fight in Phoenix. A suspect was arrested in Mirandas stabbing, but exercised his right to remain silent. He was released without being charged.

The Uniqueness of the Accounting and Finance Sector of the Field of Essay

Essays on The Uniqueness of the Accounting and Finance Sector of the Field of Healthcare Essay The paper "The Uniqueness of the Accounting and Finance Sector of the Field of Healthcare" is an excellent example of an essay on finance and accounting. The single most surprising or interesting lesson in Healthcare Finance learned throughout the course was the uniqueness of the accounting and finance sector of the field of healthcare. It is true that healthcare practices or services are dominated by not-for-profit corporations that may either be private or governmental. Some of the interesting features of not-for-profit healthcare organizations are that they are charitable and tax exempted. In most cases, not-for-profit healthcare organizations have no owners. As a result, it is important to understand the activities involved in healthcare finance and accounting (Gapenski, 2012). The uniqueness of the healthcare service industry has been very interesting.For instance, looking at the healthcare service industry, charity and tax exemptions make the finance and accounting activities u nique. Therefore, it is important for financial analysts and accountants within the healthcare industry to have an in-depth understanding of the charitable activities and tax exemptions. Given that most healthcare providers are not-for-profit, it becomes tricky and interesting for involved stakeholders to identify how they will raise cash for purposes of meeting the daily operations of the organization besides paying for the expenses. Indeed, these features or characteristics of the healthcare industry make it unique especially with respect to financial and accounting management.Healthcare services administration is becoming a challenge especially in the contemporary environment where there are many needs of the patients. Nonetheless, most healthcare services are not for profit-making it difficult to raise additional money for growth and expansion, which is apparently some of the core objectives of businesses. Gapenski (2012) confirms that it is important for one to understand plann ing and budgeting, reporting financial information, making appropriate capital decisions, and then making appropriate financial decisions. In addition, Gapenski (2012) confirms that other aspects of finance and accounting management within the healthcare industry include management of working capital, contract, and financial risk management. These are aspects that have been learned within the course. Therefore, the aspects learned will be employed within the healthcare industry to enhance effectiveness and efficiency.Nevertheless, various issues relating to financial and accounting management of the healthcare service industry are likely to change within the next two decades. Financial managers within the healthcare industry will have to adapt to these changes, which are likely to be challenged. For instance, many governmental organizations are coming up with health insurance coverage for their citizens and this is likely to affect the functions of financial managers. In addition, f inancial managers will have to comply with changes in the structure of privately owned healthcare service providers. Within the next two decades, there is a likelihood that most governmental healthcare service providers will have to comply with increased healthcare insurance such as Medicare (Wong, et al., 2000). Other changes that financial managers will have to comply with include changes within the capital structure as well as increased costs of operations and revenue collected despite the fact that there will be no profits.Costs of operations and capital structures are likely to increase or change given the need for incorporations and inclusion of technological advancements within the healthcare service providers. Contemporarily, healthcare providers are incorporating technological devices in dealing with various forms of diseases and illnesses. Within the next two decades or so, such providers will need more capital structured towards buying of technological equipment (Wong, et al., 2000). Indeed, there are various changes likely to occur within the next two decades.

Study On The Annals History Essay Free Essays

string(63) " possibly excessively many for historiographers to believe it\." The Viking colonists took up the Frankish imposts manner of life so wholly that within a few coevalss of their arrival little of their Viking heritage remained. One account for this is that the figure of colonists was few and that they were rapidly absorbed into the local population. Or possibly there was a brief violent coup d’etat, after which the Vikings adopted the imposts of their neighbors out of necessity and political force per unit area. We will write a custom essay sample on Study On The Annals History Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contemporary Latin beginnings called these colonists Northmanni but this described both the Vikings and, much later, the Normans. It was a general term used to depict the Scandinavians who had become active in northern Francia in the 9th and 10th centuries. But no differentiation was made in the 10th century between the Vikings of Neustria and the Vikings in other parts of the remainder of Francia and elsewhere.A The major job with bring outing the history of the early Viking colony of Neustria is the deficiency of beginnings from the early decennaries of the 10th century, when the colony was formalised. The Vikings recorded their history subsequently and the beginnings we do hold are written by the Franks. The ulterior Norman histories are debatable because of their involvement in buttressing and legalize the baby state.A The beginnings viewed the tenth-century as a violent clip. Frankish Godheads fought for political laterality and, on the peripheries of the Frankish land, smaller groups of peoples fought for domination against each other and against the Franks. In the ninth-century, nomadic Viking forces had frequently sailed up the Seine and besieged Paris, or merely despoiled countries inside Francia. A It is difficult to state where these war-bands wintered, though it becomes clear in the annals that the additions for Viking plunderers were so great that they began to winter in Francia alternatively of returning to Scandinavia. In the early portion of the tenth-century, the Neustrian or Breton March was still regarded as portion of the Frankish land by the Franks. The Viking foraies reached their tallness during a period of instability in the Frankish lands. An component of fortune had played a portion in leting the Frankish male monarchs to govern over an undivided land for many old ages, in malice of the usage of spliting lands every bit between boies on the decease of their male parent. Peppin the Short, Carloman his boy and Charlemagne his grandson ruled over an unbroken land. But on the decease of Charlemagne ‘s boy Louis the Pious in 840, Francia was at last split. There was a period of atomization, with Francia divided into three lands: West Francia, Lotharingia, and East Francia. Charles the Simple, King of West Francia ( subsequently to go France ) from 898 to 922, regained pre-eminence in the Frankish lands after this period of battle, though other cabals existed. It was this political insta bility that Viking leaders exploited as they fought and befriended their Frankish opposite numbers. How make the histories assist? Historians who attempt to retrace the early history of Normandy face a figure of jobs. The beginnings are few and, worse still, their truth is frequently to be doubted. Palgrave warned that â€Å" if you accept the undertaking you must accept Dudo or allow the work entirely. † Today, the history of Dudo of St Quentin is viewed with so much intuition by historiographers that, even where his history runs with other modern-day authors, he is still distrusted. But without Dudo we have small grounds. The Frankish historian Flodoard of Reims[ 1 ]provides some information about Normandy in the first half of the ninth-century, there are a few mentions to early Normandy in Norse beginnings and even a late Welsh beginning. Later Norman beginnings for this period do be, but many of these are based on Dudo ‘s history, so must be treated with cautiousness. With such a deficiency of literary stuff, historiographers are left with the consequences of research from archeology and analysi s of place-name. The reading of archeological grounds is hard and the decisions that can be drawn from it can be even more obscure than literary beginnings. The historiographer ‘s undertaking in chronicling early Norman history is therefore a hard one, and the decisions reached are, by necessity, limited in nature. Dudo of St Quentin was born c. 960 in Vermandois. He wrote De moribus et actis primorum Normanni? ducum ( The Deeds of the Early Dukes of Normandy ) from approximately 996 to the clip he became Dean of St Quentin in 1015. The earlier history, including some extremely questionable and fictional inside informations, was based on Virgil ‘s Aeneid and Jordanes ‘ Getica. His chief source for the inside informations of his history was Count Rodulf of Ivry. Commissioned originally by Duke Richard I, the history ended with the decease of Richard in 996. Dudo appears to cognize a great trade about Rollo, and he is the lone beginning for the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, where Charles the Simple granted Rollo the lands around Rouen in 911. Rollo is baptised and, in return, receives the grant of land. The bishops said to Rollo, who was unwilling to snog King Charles ‘s pes: â€Å" You who receive such a gift ought to snog the male monarch ‘s pes. † And he said: â€Å" I shall ne’er flex my articulatio genuss to another, nor shall I kiss anyone ‘s pes. † Compelled, nevertheless, by the supplications of the Franks, he ordered one of his soldiers to snog the male monarch ‘s pes. The adult male instantly seized the male monarch ‘s pes, put it to his oral cavity and kissed it while the male monarch was still standing. The male monarch fell level on his dorsum. This raised a great laugh and greatly stirred up the crowd. â€Å" A A great narrative, but about surely a fable. Dudo was the official chronicler of the Rollonid dynasty, and he portrays Rollo as the leader of the Vikings in many runs and conflicts, possibly excessively many for historiographers to believe it. You read "Study On The Annals History Essay" in category "Essay exam ples" The facts of Rollo ‘s early old ages as leader of the early Normans are hence lost in the semblance of ulterior myths. Nonetheless, some of the indispensable inside informations in Dudo ‘s narrative have some cogency. Though Dudo is the lone beginning who dates the understanding between Rollo and Charles at 911, this does look to be a extremely plausible day of the month for the understanding. It is ill-defined when Viking plunderers began to settle in the coastal country, but there is some grounds from the few paperss that survive from this period. A Carolingian charter of 905 records Charles the Simple ‘s grant of two helot of the Crown from the pagus of Rouen to his Chancellor of the Exchequer Ernestus. This was the last royal charter in Normandy.A Three months subsequently, some thought of the convulsion in the part can be concluded from a charter of 906 that records the transportation of relics from Saint-Marcouf ( now in Manche, Basse-Normandie ) to Corbeny â€Å" because of the inordinate and drawn-out onslaughts of the heathens. â€Å" A A In 918, Charles the Simple granted the lands of the old abbey of La Croix-Saint-Leufroi to the abbey of Saint-Germanin-des-PresA â€Å" except that portion of the abbey ‘s lands that we have granted to the Normans of the Seine, viz. to Rollo and his followings, for the defense mechanism of the land. † A The p act entering this land grant to Rollo no longer exists, but it is clear that between the day of the months of these two royal announcements, Rollo and his followings had established themselves. The decisive event may hold been a conflict at Chartres in 911. Later Norman tradition tends to hold with this and places Rollo at the Centre of events, though some historiographers question this. One reading of the beginnings is that as a consequence of this conflict, the Vikings were appeased with a grant of land in order to incorporate and command them. Flodoard of Reims tells us that the Vikings had been granted the lands around Rouen â€Å" had some clip ago been given to the Northmen on history of the pledges of Charles who had promised them the comprehensiveness of the state. † Flodoard ‘s history is of import because it appears to give a modern-day position of the period. He was a canon of Reims, and wrote his annals from c. 925 until his decease in 966. The lone job is that he was some distance from Normandy, and the history of Normandy was non his chief concern. It is clear from his history that the Vikings and the Franks were in changeless battle. In 925, Flodoard records that â€Å" the Normans of Rouen broke the pact which they had one time made and devastated the territories [ pagi ] of Beauvais and Amiens. Those citizens of Amiens who were flying were burned by a fire for which they were ill-prepared. † The Franks responded by looting Rouen: â€Å" they set fire to manors, stole cowss and even killed some of the Normans. † Count Herbert led another force against the Vikings towards the E, and surrounded them in a cantonment on the coast.A A â€Å" It was this really same cantonment, situated on the seashore and called Eu that the Franks surrounded. They broke through the bulwark by which the cantonment was surrounded in forepart of its walls and weakening the wall, climbed all. Once they had won ownership of the town by contending, they so slaughtered all the males and put fire to its munitions. Some, nevertheless, escaped and took ownership of a certain neighbouring island. But the Franks attacked and captured it, although with a greater hold than when they had seized the town. After the Normans, who had been continuing their lives by contending as best they could, had seen what had happened and had let steal any hope of endurance, some plunged themselves into the moving ridges, some cut their pharynxs and some were killed by Frankish blades, while others died by their ain arms. And in this manner, one time everyone had been destroyed and an hideous sum of loot had been pillaged, the Franks returned to their district. † This graphic description gives historians a sense of the force of the age. The Vikings were marauding all across the northern coastal parts of Francia, though Neustria does look to be the chief country of their colony. However, they were surely non confined to this country, or prepared to accept its boundaries. In 937, Flodoard tells us, â€Å" The Bretons retreated to their fatherland after their long peregrinations fought in frequent conflicts with the Normans, who had invaded the district which had belonged to them, next to their ain. They ended up the stronger in many of these conflicts and reclaimed their ain district. â€Å" A Rollo is mentioned in 925 as princeps ( leader ) of the Northmen at Rouen. Although non mentioned at the clip, grounds from the 918 charter strongly suggests that the Norman chroniclers are right in stating that Rollo led the ground forces from the start. However, Dudo ‘s mention to the Treaty of St Clair-sur-Epte is unsubstantiated and should be dismissed as undependable. Dudo was besides misdirecting when depicting the footings of the colony. The granting of â€Å" the land from the river Epte † runs with the other beginnings, but the granting of Brittany does non. Neither does the scene of the arrant wilderness clasp true: if the land granted by Charles to the Vikings was â€Å" uncultivated by the plowshare, wholly deprived of herds of cowss and flocks of sheep and lacking in human life † , so why do Norse place-names merely form a minority of all place-names throughout Normandy? Entertaining though Dudo ‘s narrative may be, his history, and those of his followings and impersonators, can non be trusted for the early history of Normandy and historiographers must vacate themselves to set uping a few bare facts in the thick of ulterior deformations. The extension of Normandy ‘s boundary lines can be seen in Flodoard ‘s history. A King Ralph conceded Bayeux and Maine [ Cinomannis et Baiocae ] in 925 harmonizing to Flodoard, though there are uncertainties about the grant of Maine. Later in 933, the Normans were given Avranchin and Cotentin. Excluding Maine, this established Normandy in the approximative signifier that it existed in 1066. A The Cotentin peninsula was besides settled by Vikings independently of the Vikings under Rollo at Rouen. These early old ages were violent times. The Normans were invariably warring, contending with the Franks in 923, but chiefly concerned with spread outing their ain domain of influence. The people of Bayeux revolted against Viking regulation in 925, a twelvemonth after they had been transferred to the control of the counts of Rouen. Dudo recalls a rebellion against William Longsword by a certain Riulf: â€Å" ferociously filled with ill-famed perfidiousness † . Against all the emphasiss and the strains, against internal rebellion and external menaces, Normandy had secured its place by the center of the tenth-century and, though its security was threatened many times, the Norman district was strongly governed and able to throw off its enemies. This might possibly take us to see the pacts between the Franks and the Vikings as more important than they were at the clip. All the grounds suggests that the boundaries were comparatively unstable. Agreements were made, and Vikings baptised, but these baptisms frequently proved impermanent personal businesss. In the 920s, the archbishops of Rouen and Reims both wrote letters on the topic of Vikings who remained heathen despite holding converted. Herveus of Reims asked the Pope: â€Å" What should be done when they have been baptised and re-baptised, and after their baptism continue to populate in heathen manner, and in the mode of heathens kill Christians, slaughter priests, and, offering forfeits t o graven images, eat what has been offered? † There is small grounds for the widespread debut of Norse establishments or life style. Although in 1013 Duke Richard II welcomed a group of Vikings at Rouen, excessively much should non be read into this. The leaders, Richard and Olaf, may hold felt some commonalty, but this can non be discovered. Merely as Frankish Lords and male monarchs had welcomed Vikings and baptised them as Christians, in the hope of change overing them into a friend and non doing them an enemy, so Richard did with Olaf and his Vikings. Olaf had ravaged Brittany, but had allowed himself to be converted by Richard. The Normans were truly now more Franks than Scandinavians. Dudo claims that at the clip of William Longsword, Scandinavian address was disused at Rouen, and it is so likely that the native lingua was shortly adopted. On the Eve of the first Crusade, the Norman knight Bohemond was able to inquire, rhetorically, â€Å" Are we non Franks? † How does archeological and place-name grounds aid? The land divisions in Normandy appear to hold remained unchanged from the Frankish to the Norman eras. Jacques Le Maho ‘s survey of the Pays de Caux shows a continuity of seigneurial abodes, and it has been argued that there was greater continuity in this part than in other parts of Francia. The Vikings did convey bondage with them, but this did non last beyond the first century of business. The Normans seems to hold been extremely integrated with the Franks. One piece of grounds for this is the Fecamp coin host, including some coins struck at batchs in Cologne, Arles and Pavia. In Scandinavia, Norman coins discontinue to look in hosts after the early 11th century, looking alternatively in Francia and Italy. This suggests a continuance of merchandising links with Scandinavia for a piece, but with a steadily increasing Norman accent on contacts with the continent. Frankish justness was adopted ; the Norse thing did non go established. The survey of place-names provides an penetration into early Normano-Viking colony. The comprehensive survey undertaken by Jean Adigard des Gautrie tells the narrative of the Viking inflow. Taking all place-names with a possible or definite Norse influence, it can be seen that these are particularly legion in the Cotentin peninsula and along the seashore, with another big bunch in the Pays de Caux. They were besides legion â€Å" all along the great invasion path that was the Seine † and down the other rivers as good: grounds of the Vikings transporting on their raiding, going by ship across sea and along rivers. It seems rather likely that when Rollo had his territorial claims to Neustrian March recognised, he based his disposal around a coastal group of colonies already in being due to the activities of other Vikings over a figure of old ages. However, Norse place-names ne’er formed a local bulk over preexistent Frankish names, even in the countries of highest Norse place-name denseness. One account for this is the fleet acceptance of the local lingua by the Normans. Frank Stentonhttp: //www.manshead.beds.sch.uk/History/AS and A Level/The Normans in Europe/Normandy/Founding Normandy/when_did_the_vikings_become_norm.htm – _ftn10 made a good point when he compared place-names in Normandy and the English Danelaw. He pointed out that place-names with Viking personal name elements besides had Norse postfixs, for illustration Grimsby: the Viking personal name Grim and the postfix -by, the Norse word for small town. He compared this to Normandy, where place-names that have Viking personal names really frequently have native terminations, for illustration, A Gremonville, the stoping of which comes from the Latin Villa. The former indicates a big colony of Vikings, who named topographic points in their ain lingua. The latter might merely demo that while the Viking incomers founded and took over topographic points, it was the local population who really named these topographic points. This could be an indicant of the extent of the Viking colony in N ormandy. Archaeological grounds can state us small about early colony. Patrick Perik, analyzing the grounds found around the lower Seine, admits that the â€Å" archeological certification is singularly thin. † There is grounds for Norse presence: Viking blades and axes have been found, although Perin points out that despite two discoveries in the land that were likely buried as portion of a funeral, the weaponries found were all in the river. While this shows that Vikings were present here, it is non clear whether the discoveries are chiefly from colonies or chiefly from marauding hosts before the colony epoch. This grounds adds little to our cognition. It is clear that Northmen were present in Normandy for a long clip, but the archeology is scarce and can non be pinpointed in clip to give a clearer image of the early old ages of the Viking colony. The deficiency of discoveries does non problem David Bates unduly, though. â€Å" If an extended colonization can be argued for in Englan d despite the absence of important archeological discoveries, so the same decision seems executable for Normandy. † The deficiency of Viking discoveries does non automatically dismiss a ample Viking colony, but if this was the instance so the colonists really rapidly adopted Frankish imposts. Whatever the size of the colony, there is another argument on the velocity of integrating. â€Å" Whichever manner we turn † , writes Ralph Davies, â€Å" we have to acknowledge that the Viking society of Rollo and his comrades was something rather different from the Norman society of the 11th century. The one developed from the other, but the development was non effectual until the two races had merged and the Northmen had, for all practical intents, become Frenchmen. † The degree of integrating is hard to state, and David Bates and Eleanor Searle keep different positions on this. Bates believes that the Viking incomers rapidly became integrated into the native society, so that they had shortly adopted Frankish manners and establishments. Searle ‘s place is that they remained self-consciously Viking until the mid-eleventh century. The grounds for this period is patchy and frequently inconclusive. The early history of Normandy can be told magisterially merely in really au naturel and apparent footings. Tempting though it is to utilize more expansive and colorful Norman paperss, these tell us more about the demands of the developing Norman province than about its early history. For the period he records, 923-966, Flodoard of Reims seems to be a dependable beginning, though his chief focal point is non Normandy. As for the Norse impact on Normandy, there does non look to hold been an overpowering turbulence. Norse linguas appear non to hold been spoken more than three coevalss after the colony. Administrative territories were kept integral, estates seem to hold survived, and on the whole the Normans ruled through Frankish-style establishments. But Michel de Bouardhttp: //www.manshead.beds.sch.uk/History/AS and A Level/The Normans in Europe/Normandy/Founding Normandy/when_did_the_vikings_become_norm.htm – _ ftn14 warns against the simple premise of continuity merely because of a deficiency of institutional alteration. He talks of the â€Å" energy, the effectivity of ducal power in Normandy † and warns that we should ne’er bury the â€Å" human factor † in all this. Surely, Normandy grew as a power once the Vikings had taken control. There is grounds here for both continuity and discontinuity. Since the beginnings tell us so small, it is a argument that will be difficult to decide. How to cite Study On The Annals History Essay, Essay examples

Sartres Concept Essays - Philosophy Of Life, Modernism,

Sartre's Concept John Paul Sartre is known as one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century. He wrote many philosophical works novels and plays. Much of his work is tied into politics. The essay Existentialism is a Humanism is just one of his many works. Existentialism is a Humanism is a political essay that was written in 1945. Its purpose was to address a small public during World War II in Nazi occupied France. This essay stressed the public not to conform. Sartre introduced a great number of philosophical concepts in Existentialism. Two of these concepts are anguish and forlornness. They are simply defined, as anguish is feeling responsible for yourself as well as others and knowing that your actions affect others and forlornness is realizing that you are alone in your decisions. These two concepts are interwoven throughout the essay and throughout many of Sartre's other works. Sartre's view of anguish and forlornness in Existentialism is a Humanism addresses his view of life and man. Sartre based his views on the basic ideas of existentialism. The idea that existence precedes essence is the central factor in the atheistic view of man. The belief that existence precedes essence states that there is no pre-existing concept of man. (2) In the existentialist view, man is what he makes of himself. They believe that man was indefinable at first; he first appears, then defines himself. (1) There are no set plans as to how a man must live. He must make his own decisions and move towards his future with no help [from the outside world. The main idea of existential is what Sartre simply stated as?I am responsible for myself and for everyone else. I am creating a certain image of my own choosing. In choosing myself is choose man. (1) He is saying that man creates his own image of the self and it is different for all men. The belief that existence precedes essence directly ties into the fact that the atheistic existentialist believes that there is no god. They believe that there is no human nature and that humans are inherently free. The concept of anguish is one of Sartre's central ideas in Existentialism as a Humanism. It involves the realization that the choices and decisions a person makes not only affect the self, but they affect everyone. Anguish is getting over the selfishness that has become so prevalent in our society. A person must make decision while looking as society as a whole. Anguish is being concerned with the impact of your decisions on others. Dealing with responsibility is just one form of anguish. A person must be responsible for themselves and others. The essay Existential is a Humanism gives the example of a military officer. All leaders and military officers feel anguish. They have the responsibility to themselves as well as others. A military officer preparing to send his troops into battle must fulfill his responsibilities to himself, his superiors and his troops. He realizes that his interpretations of the orders from above directly impact the fate of his troops.(1) The fact that he continues to make decisions even faced with anguish shows that a military officer feels responsible. All leaders know this anguish, but they continue to make decisions. (1) Anguish that they feel does not dissuade their action, but on the contrary it makes them stronger, it is the very condition of their action. The anguish that a military officer feels is what makes them responsible. Sartre saw anguish as a necessary component of life. It is what makes a person aware of their choices and responsibilities. The concept of forlornness in Sartre's eyes is coming to grips with the fact that we are alone in our decision making. We have no excuses, determinism or omens, that influence our decisions. The atheistic existentialist fells that we are alone in our decision making because there is no god. They feel that the decisions we make are only up to us. Man is free to make his own choices and man is condemned in the fact that he is free. Everything is choice.(1) Knowing that you are alone in your decisions can raise some very interesting questions. People